Prostitution The World s Oldest Trade - 1218 Words

Prostitution is often called â€Å"the world’s oldest trade†, with references to the profession found as far back as the writings of the Old Testament. It is practiced throughout the world and viewed in various ways from a social and legal standpoint. Many nations and territories classify prostitution as either a legal activity or have decriminalized prostitution. Legalization of prostitution often classifies the purchasing of sex as a crime, but not the selling of sex. This method focuses on punishing customers, rather than the prostitutes themselves. Decriminalization does not view any area of prostitution as illegal. It is viewed as an acceptable act between two (or more) consenting adults without the necessity for government intervention. Some nations that have a more liberal policy towards prostitution include New Zealand, the Netherlands, Australia, and Germany (Crooks Baur, 2014). Whether prostitution is legal or illegal in an area, sex will be sold and revenu e will be made. In a 1998 report, The International Labour Organization (ILO) classified prostitution as a legitimate form of work and called for worldwide recognition of the same (Post Datta, 2013).In areas immersed in extreme poverty, prostitution provides a means of support for families who may otherwise have no opportunity. The ILO report attempts to add prostitution to the list of informal labor- such as domestic work and farm work- that is acceptable to provide more opportunities for an overpopulated andShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Acceptance Of Prostitution1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe Legal Acceptance of Prostitution Prostitution is often called the oldest profession in the world. One of the First forms is scared prostitution supposedly practiced among Sumerians. In ancient sources (Herodotus, Thucydides) there are many traces of scared prostitution, starting perhaps with Babylon where each women had to reach once a year the sanctuary of Militia and have sex with a foreigner as a sign of hospitality for a symbolic price. Prostitution is the sale of sexual services (typicallyRead MoreEssay about The Adult Sex Industry 948 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferences between human trafficking, sex slavery, and prostitution. An individual also has to taken into consideration why another individual would choose prostitution as means of income verses any other job that doesn’t include the buying and selling of sex. One must be able to empathize with the individuals who choose prostitution and be able to take into consideration some factors that may lead an individual to prostitution as a means of economic trade. Such factors might include; the country these individualsRead MoreAdvantages of Legalizing Prostitution1749 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution is known as the oldest profession and has been around for millenniums, dating back to Roman, Byzantine, Greek and Egyptian empires (Baldwin, 2004). The ancient cultures of those empires dealt with the needs of the group and consequently developed protocols for dealing with sexual relations that have propagated throughout time to the modern era. As a result, prostitution is prominent in society today. When analyzing the sex trade, the factors of cultural precedence, philosophy, religionRead MoreWhat is Prostitution?1838 Words   |  7 Pages According to the 2014 Merriam-Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the act of having sex in exchange for money† (â€Å"Prostitution†). In the United States, the trafficking of sex sales has been illegal since the early 1900’s, with the exception of the 49th state, Alaska (Head). The trade was deemed unethical by the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, also credited with the ban of drug use and the elimination of alcohol in the 1920’s. Today, in all but two states, the buying and selling ofRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1440 Words   |  6 Pages Rumored to be the oldest profession in the world and perhaps one of the most controversial to pics in our current Canadian legal system stands prostitution. Prostitution by definition is the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Prostitution in our legal system can be dated back to the 18th century, this was the first Canadian statute to acknowledge prostitution. Prostitution in this time was handled by three legal approaches, regulation, prohibitionRead MoreShould Sex Trafficking Be Legalized?1644 Words   |  7 Pagesis just as strong as the drive to eat or drink. Just like humans learned how to trade for food and beverages, they learned how to trade for sex. Prostitution is known for being the world s oldest profession, but in several ways the trading of sex is a mystery, mostly in the United States, where sex trade is one of the country s greatest unregulated industries. In Sweden they take a different approach on prostitution; Sweden instead of making the selling of sex illegal, outlawed the buying of IRead MoreLegalizing Pros titution in Britain Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesLegalizing Prostitution in Britain Apparently if you go back through history, as far back as you can, as far back as we have records, you will find evidence of people selling sex for personal gain. It seems that prostitution has been around for a very long time and that the sex industry was thriving at least a few thousand years before the Industrial Revolution; a good deal longer than its name suggests. So, it comes as no shock to discover that, many people considerRead MoreEssay on Human Trafficking vs. Prostitution: Is There a Difference?1627 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s modern society, prostitution is defined as the act or practice of engaging in promiscuous sexual relations, especially for money. Trafficking can be defined in terms of dealing or trading in something illegal (Merriam-Webster). In many cultures, prostitution is indeed illegal. So, is there a difference? Are there variances that set prostitution and human trafficking apart, or are they just different forms of the same industry? In order to answer this question, it is important to firstRead MoreProstitution Is Morally Wrong And Should Be Eradicated From Society1673 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution Prostitution is morally wrong and should be eradicated from society for several different reasons. In prostitution, men remove women s humanity. Buying a woman in prostitution gives men the power to turn women into a living breathing masturbation fantasy. He removes her and those qualities that define her as an individual, and for him she becomes sexualized body parts. She acts the part of the thing he wants her to be. As shocking as these men s observations may sound to thoseRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Prostitution And Prostitution981 Words   |  4 PagesTrafficking in Prostitution Prostitution, â€Å"Providing or receiving sexual acts, between a prostitute and a client, in exchange for money or some other form of remuneration† (Hock 557). The idea of exchanging sex for valuables has been seen since the beginning of human society. The first reported data about prostitution was reported around 3000 B.C.E in Mesopotamia, one of the first known civilizations (Caraboi and Fierbinteanu 362). Also, prostitution is often referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession

Energy Inc Free Essays

There is no Present obligation because there is no obligating event either for the costs of fitting smoke filters or for fines under the legislation. Therefore, according to IAS 37 and ASC 450, FuelSource Co. should not recognize a provision as f December 31, 2011 neither in reporting to its U. We will write a custom essay sample on Energy Inc or any similar topic only for you Order Now K. parent under IFRSs nor in reporting to its U. S. -based lender in accordance with U. S. GAAP. Question A Any of four scenarios of the cases is not changed by the removal of ‘probable outflows’ criteria 2, which requires a probable future outflow of economic benefits resulting from the liabilities. In the first and the second scenarios, the entity should recognize a provision as of the balance sheet date in reporting to its U. K. parent, while not recognize in the third and the fourth scenarios. Question B In my opinion, often criteria 1 and criteria 2 serve the same purpose. They both serve to prevent recognizing a liability if it is not probable. Thus, the removal of criteria 2 would makes IAS 37 more consistent with ASC 450 of U. S. GAAP. With this revision, there would be more enhanced comparability between those two standards. ASC 450-20-25-1 When a loss contingency exists, the likelihood that the future event or events will confirm the loss or impairment of an asset or the incurrence of a liability can range from probable to remote. As indicated in the definition of contingency, the term loss is used for convenience to include many charges against ncome that are commonly referred to as expenses and others that are commonly referred to as losses. The Contingencies Topic uses the terms probable, reasonably possible, and remote to identity three areas within that range. ASC 450-20-25-2 An estimated loss from a loss contingency shall be accrued by a charge to income if both of the following conditions are met: (a) Information available before the financial statements are issued or are available to be issued (as discussed in Section 855-10-25) indicates that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial tatements. Date of the financial statements means the end of the most recent accounting period for which financial statements are being presented. It is implicit in this condition that it must be probable that one or more future events will occur confirming the fact of the loss. (b) The amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The purpose of those conditions is to require accrual of losses when they are reasonably estimable and relate to the current or a prior period. Paragraphs 450-20-55-1 through 55-17 and Examples 1-2 (see paragraphs 450-20-55-18 through 5-35) illustrate the application of the conditions. As discussed in paragraph 450-20-50-5, disclosure is preferable to accrual when a reasonable estimate of loss cannot be made. Further, even losses that are reasonably estimable shall not be accrued if it is not probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred at the date of an entity’s financial statements because those losses relate to a future period rather than the current or a prior period. Attribution of a loss to events or activities of the current or prior periods is an element of asset impairment r liability incurrence. ASC 450-20-50-5 Disclosure is preferable to accrual when a reasonable estimate of loss cannot be made. For example, disclosure shall be made of any loss contingency that meets the condition in paragraph 450-20-25-2(a) but that is not accrued because the amount of loss cannot be reasonably estimated (the condition in paragraph 450-20-25-2[b]). Disclosure also shall be made of some loss contingencies that do not meet the condition in paragraph 450-20-25-2(a)†namely, those contingencies for which there is a reasonable possibility that a loss may have been incurred even hough information may not indicate that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements. IAS 37-14 A provision shall be recognized when: (a) an entity has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event; (b) it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; and (c) a reliable estimate can be made of the amount ot the obligation. It t recognized. nese cond itions are not met, no provision shall IAS 37-17 A past event that leads toa present obligation is called an obligating vent. For an event to be an obligating event, it is necessary that the entity has no realistic alternative to settling the obligation created by the event. This is the case only: (a) where the settlement of the obligation can be enforced by law; or (b) in the case of a constructive obligation, where the event (which may be an action of the entity) creates valid expectations in other parties that the entity will discharge the obligation. IAS 37-23 For a liability to qualify for recognition there must be not only a present obligation but also the probability of an outflow of resources embodying economic enefits to settle that obligation. For the purpose of this Standard,l an outflow of resources or other event is regarded as probable if the event is more likely than not to occur, ie the probability that the event will occur is greater than the probability that it will not. Where it is not probable that a present obligation exists, an entity discloses a contingent liability, unless the possibility of an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is remote. IAS 37-36 The amount recognized as a provision shall be the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. How to cite Energy Inc, Papers

Chief Tecumsheh free essay sample

An analysis of the story of Native American leader and chief, Tecumsheh. This paper examines the story of Shawnee chief and military leader Tecumsheh of the native people of North America. The author looks at how this leader impacted his community and the role that he played in the Indian resistance during the time. The paper also looks at his rise to power and contributions. The story of Shawnee chief and military leader Tecumseh is one that is all too common in its combination of tragedy, courage, and unimaginable loss, a story told dozens of times as the native peoples of North America sought to maintain their culture and save their live while fighting against forces with what would prove time and again to be overwhelmingly superior weapons. This paper examines the role that Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa played in organizing Indian resistance to white rule in the Ohio River valley and in seeking to create intertribal alliances and the factors that lead to their defeat and Tecumsehs death. We will write a custom essay sample on Chief Tecumsheh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Shell Company Oil Spills in Nigeria free essay sample

Shell Company believes that oil and gas will remain an important aspect of economic and development of the world for many eras. They seek to maintain high standards of performance and to conserve long-term relations with the environment in which they operate . The Shell Company is one of the major providers of energy and petroleum in the world. Its operation started almost 200 hundred years ago in a small shop where they were selling antiques and see shell and now Shell company is one of the largest firms which provides energy and petroleum services. According to Shell Global (n. d. ) the headquarter of Shell Company is situated in Hague of Netherlands and the parent company of Shell is situated in England and Wales and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Shell Company is Mr. Peter Voser. Shell Company branches are located in 130 countries and has employed more than 93 thousand employee globally. In Nigeria, Shell Company is involved in Niger Delta to produce onshore oil and gas. We will write a custom essay sample on Shell Company Oil Spills in Nigeria or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This Company also produces offshore oil and gas in Gulf of Guinea and operates the first ever deep-water project of Nigeria. According to Shell Global (n. d. ) one of the largest branches of Shell Company is Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) in Nigeria which has joint venture with Nigerian Government’s Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). The ratios are divided in a method of 55% to Nigerian Government, 30% to Shell Company, 10% to ELF Petroleum Nigeria Ltd and 5% to AGIP. The operation of SPDC in Nigeria has added $38 billion to the Nigerian Government in the past five years (2007-2011) together with the taxes and royalty payments. The Nigerian Government receives 95% of its profit from SPDC onshore oil and gas production in Niger Delta. In relation to Shell Company’s relation following are some key aspects. 1. 1. 1 Ethical Standards and Code of Conduct: The outlay of Shell Company’s ethical standards and issues are noted under the Company’s ethical code of conduct. The Shell Company employees cannot make decision which can involve conflict of interest. It is written in code of ethics that the employees of Shell Company cannot receive gifts or payments from the contractors or other involved parties with Shell Company. The employees should behave fairly with the customers and should understand the nature of their diverse work and should never discriminate. The employees of Shell Company cannot take part in financial interest activities. They are strictly forbidden to interact with the contractors because they might transfer confidential information in times of bidding to the contractor. The Shell Company employees are required to maintain highest standards of honesty and integrity at work. 1. 1. 2 Social Investments: Shell Company supports the community both directly in community development projects and indirectly through Shell independent foundation. The company aim is to understand the needs of local communities and to address the local community’s social and economic needs which is access to energy, there business development etc. Shell Company’s staff voluntarily contributes on different social and environmental projects around the world. The programs offered by Shell Company aims to support the young people so that they can set up their own business. Shell Company expended about 13 billion dollars to the poor people with lower income on different humanitarian services. Maximum number of Shell Company employee in Nigeria is local Nigerian which is a good indication of job creation for the Nigerian citizens. 1. 1. 3 Environmental Contributions and Responsibilities: Shell Company works to avoid any sort of hazardous, this means that they strives to operate safely and according to the community inspection and maintenance. SPDC is dedicated and loyal in cleaning of the oil spills in the Niger Delta. In the last five year (2008-2012) under a quarter of the oil spillage from SPDC was because of the operational causes such as human error or machinery miscarriage and for this operational spill Shell company has compensated people who has suffered. 1. 1. 4 Economic Involvement: The local Nigerian communities is being benefited in a wide ranged through the finances and supports of Shell Company and mean while the company pays a great portion of taxes and royalties to the Nigerian Government. The Nigerian Government have earned about $38 billion form the taxes and royalties since 2007-2011 from Shell Company and this is a major contribution for the Nigerian Government in monetary terms. The Nigerian Government can use the funds in development sector, to increase the economic stability and to reduce the the poverty in the community. Adding to this Shell Company has donated $76. 3 million to Nigerian Government to enhance the community development projects, enhance skills training, agriculture and to support health care and small businesses. In 2010 local Nigerian companies have earned approximately $947 million contracting number of awards with Shell Company. 1. 2 Background of the Study: For those who lives in third world country it is really disturbing to acknowledge and understand that the whole country is organized to serve a small group of people. The Nigerian Government is ignoring all the oil spill and pollutions harmed by Shell Company. The Shell Company does not have any way to estimate the amount of oil spills in Nigeria. Shell Company power has influenced the Government of Nigeria and it’s people which has increase the hatred perception of people affected from the oil spills towards Shell Company and the Government because the people do not get anything from the revenue given by the Shell Company while on the other they are being affected through the destruction of their land, agriculture and other sources. The Government of Nigeria should compel Shell Company to commit the payment compensation of all the affected people in Nigeria. 1. 3 Objectives: 1. To provide Shell Company Introduction, its operation in Niger Delta, its ethical issues and social responsibilities. 2. To provide concerns of different Stakeholders in Shell Oil Spillage as a wicked problem. 3. To provide literature sources and references of theories regarding the Shell Company’s oil spills in Niger Delta. 4. To illustrate the stakeholders (Investors, CEO and local Nigerian employee) responses to the oil spills in Niger Delta. 5. To create productive understating for the stakeholders about the oil spills of Shell Company. Chapter 2 2. Wicked Problem and Stakeholders Sense Making Process: Wicked problem is a social or cultural problem which is very difficult or impossible to solve. In wicked situation the problem is not clearly defined due to which it is impossible to make solution for the problem. According to (Ezigbo, O. Bassey, O. , 2010) The Shell Oil Spills in Nigeria is also said to be a wicked problem because media is spreading news that the Government is not taking any action against the Shell Company because the Government is influenced by the power and revenues given by Shell Company. This also increases the hatred perception of the people towards the Shell Company. Another major problem is that the people affected by the oil spill are concerned and curious that whether they will receive the compensation against the disaster happened in their lands and agricultures or will Shell Company clean the places affected by the oil spills. The People is also curious to know that even if the oil spills are cleaned by the Shell company the effects of oil spills will remain there for several years. In order to solve this wicked problem multiple approaches should be used. Conklin, E. and Weil, W. (1997) states that â€Å"There are many stakeholders-people who care about or have something at stake in how the problem is resolved†. Following are the explanations to this wicked problem in respect of the three stakeholders of the Shell Oil Company. 1. The Shell Investors Viewpoint 2. The CEO Viewpoint 3. The Local Nigerian Shell Company Employee Viewpoint 2. 1. 1 The Shell Investors Viewpoint: The Investors in Shell Company being caught up in such a disaster situation of oil spills is a great concern. The Investors will be more concerned about their investments in the Nigeria due to which they would not be able to see what the situation is in community and if the investors does not take this substantial seriously and does not approach the problem correctly it will be a great loss both in short term and long term. The investors can take social responsibility approach by cleaning the environment from the oil spills disaster which will help the investors in long term by securing their investments. The benefit of cleaning effort is that it will establish good reputation of the organization and it will be a good investment for the investors because it will enhance the credibility and can lead the organization to better position within the industry. The investors can agree to the terms of Government and accept the compensation payment this will enhance the company’s image among the people of Nigeria. 2. 1. 2 The CEO Viewpoint: Leading the organization and controlling such wicked problem in a company requires serious and demanding leadership and the CEO should give full attention to this needs and concern of the company. The CEO can use sense-making and can involve other parties in order to find possible solution for solving the problem. The CEO should deeply measure the situation and the needs and anxiety of stakeholders associated with the situation. If the CEO applies resilient questioning the can find a common ground where all the associated parties with the problem will be considered. If the Shell Company takes the lead, accept its environmental responsibility and start the cleaning effort, it will benefit both the company image and credibility among the society and also while doing the cleaning effort they will hire employee from the local community which will indirectly benefit the local economy. The CEO can make a promise to public that the company will add new technologies and machineries in the company and can instruct the operational management to quickly handle this disaster. This action will give the stakeholders an image that the company is considering the rules and regulations of the Government as well as they care for the public. It will reassure the Shell Company image among Nigerian Government considerably that Shell Company is taking into consideration the ethics and operational standards of Nigeria. If the CEO approaches this way it will compel the investors to think that the company is going on the right way and if the company achieves this approach the company will attain the public acclaims and praises which will benefit Shell Company in long term as the public will assume that even in time of disaster Shell Company is fulfilling their responsibilities and is caring for the Nigerian Government and Public. The Local Nigerian Shell Company Employee Viewpoint: For local Nigerian Shell employee this issue will be very difficult because the employee will not be able to make decision regarding whether he/she should take the organization side or the Nigerian Government and Nigerian public side. The employee reaches to state where on one side the public and Government will develop thoughts the employee is working against the community they are harming the local community and destroying the environment through exerting oil spill pollutions and on the other side the employee should work in order to compensate the needs of their family members, their living costs and by working in such a Global organization the employee can earn more and can easily fulfill the needs of family members. In Such situation the employees cannot make decision regarding the company because the employee themselves tries hard to hide their identity because everyone is pointing finger on the company they works which may result to conflict between the employee and community members. The employee cannot decide to be on which side because such situation can affect the employee’s loyalty as well as can develop questions on the ethical and moral standards of the corporation. If the organization makes a social responsible response such as starting the cleaning effort so in that situation the employee will get encouraged and will take the responsibility to work both in company and will also take active part in the social context which will be a great approach for solving this wicked problem. If the organization does not consider the social responsible response then it will affect the employee’s loyalty and ethical standard and will produce a state in which the employee is forced to choose one among the company and the public. 2. 2 Literature Reviews and Sources: Decision Making: Brook (2009) states that â€Å"Poor decision making is often the result of short-term target setting, which is a particular feature of the decision processes of chief executives who are on fixed-term contracts†. In week seven I have learned different approaches of decision making process and the approach that I think the CEO should use is ‘bounded rationality decision’ because in bounded rationality the CEO will make the decision that the CEO first come across which is the CEO should compensate the people affected by the spillage and to clean the oil spillage. The CEO should use ‘bounded rationality decision’ because on one side the CEO have limited information about the problem that what the stakeholders will if the CEO do not compensate them or do not clean the oil spillage and on the other side the CEO has finite time to make decision. Donaldson, T. Preston, L. E. (1995) defines that in a survey it was found that 80% of the senior manager were not working to according to ethical code of the organization because the managers, employees and customers were thinking that they are not being valued by the organization instead the organization was giving values only the shareholders. If the organization do favoritism in decision making process it will harm the organization in long term because after the decision is made the employee will not implement the decision which will decrease the organizational productivity. If the organization involves all the stakeholders in decision making then after the decision is made everyone will agree to the decision will favorably implement the decision. 2. 2. 2 Shell Oil Spill a Wicked Problem: Shell Company oil spills are clear indicator of wicked problem and as we have studied in past weeks regarding wicked problems there is no true solution because the problem is not definitive. In order to solve the wicked problem a leader should first understand the problem that what is the problem and to understand the problem the leader should analyze and gather data regarding the problem. When the leader gathered data then he/she will implement that data in order to solve the problem. The shell company wicked problem solving involves following process. 1. Data Gathering: The CEO should gather data regarding the oil spillage the stakeholders associated with oil spills so that the CEO can find a solution. 2. Data Analysis: When the CEO gathered data regarding the oil spillage and associated stakeholders the CEO should analyze the data and form multiple solutions for this wicked problem. 3. Implementation of Solution: The CEO should consider and implement the best solution regarding the wicked problem. The CEO should consider the approach step by step. The CEO should not implement the gather data regarding the oil spillage without analyzing the data. The CEO should find solution and implement that solution which will not be effective. For a wicked problem there is no clean solution because the bases of such problem are not defined and that is why every wicked problem is managed differently. 2. 2. 3 The Associated Stakeholders: Stakeholders are people who have some sort of interest in the project or company. The primary stakeholders of the company are the investors (Shareholders), the employees, the company customers and suppliers while the secondary stakeholder’s are those who are associated with the company in one way or the other. The Stakeholders can affect the organization as well as can be affected by the organization actions. In case of Shell oil company the identified stake holders are the investors, local employees, CEO, the Nigerian Government and the community’s members who are affected from the oil spills. It is really important that while making decision the CEO should consider all the different stakeholder of the organization. The CEO should make sure that when the decision is made it should involve all the associated stakeholders. 2. 2. 4 Primary and Secondary Stakeholder Perspectives: In case of investors they should decrease the efforts of the charges on the company and should pay the compensation of $20 billion to the affected community members and Nigerian Government. In case of local Nigerian employee they want that all the charges regarding the oil spills gets solved so that they can state freely with no fear among the community that they are working with Shell Company because now they are also affected with this oil spill, the community members threat them badly because they think that these employees is also involved in the oil spillage process. In case of CEO, he/she should make a decision that should favor everyone an as per the case study the best decision to pay the compensation and clean the areas affected by the oil spillage. In case the Nigerian Government, they want to compel Shell Company to compensate the remedies of the oil spills. In case the community members; they want the affected area clean from oil spillage. They also want to be compensated for oil spillage because they consider that even if the affected area is cleaned by the Shell Company still for few years the oil spillage will have effect on the environment. Chapter 3 3. 1 Contrast between Various Leadership Styles: Throughout this module we have studied different types of leadership styles and approaches in relation to resolve wicked problem. This project will define the following three Leadership types. 1. Charismatic Leadership 2. Transactional Leadership 3. Transformational Leadership 3. 2 Charismatic Leadership: Charismatic Leadership is one of the best ways to boost and motivate the employees in order to achieve the organizational goals. Charismatic leaders use their charms to handle and solve a problem. They have strong influence over the followers though which the can make the followers accomplish the given task. Charismatic leaders energize the environment and inspire the followers to give their best while performing an action. Charismatic leaders enhance the moral of the employees and decrease the anxiety of the employee in wicked situation. In many organizations it is observed that during difficult situation the employee moral gets down so is the case with Shell Company oil Spills. The employee’s moral is depressed since they are in position where the community feels that they are working with a company which is harming the environment by exerting pollution in the society. The Community threats them and their family members gravely. In such case the employees can get offended from the situation and can damage the organization. The CEO should use charismatic leadership and should make the employees understand the oil spillage situation that it is not done intentionally by the company. The CEO should make employees realize that the company feeling regretful for the happened situation and the company will attempt hard to solve this wicked problem. This way the employees moral will get motivated and boosted and they will strive in resolving the situation. 3. 3 Transactional Leadership: Transactional leaders set goals and objectives for the organization and require the followers to attain the goal and objectives with in the specified time. If the employee achieves the goals and objective they get reward otherwise they are punished by the leaders in order to remain in compliance with the goals. In this leadership style the relationship between leader and manger is more of give and take which is if the employee achieve something he/she will receive something in return of it. The leaders closely monitors and controls the work of their followers that whether they are going on the right path or whether they are working in accordance to the plan given on not. In case of Shell Company oil spillage the CEO can sit objectives to employees that the employees should spread good image of the Shell Company among the community by informing the community that Shell Company will fulfill it social responsibility of cleaning the oil spill and is also committed to do the compensation payment to those who are affected by this oil spills. This way the employee will receive appreciation from the Shell Company and Shell Company will sustain its good image among the community by fulfilling the ethical standards of the community. Transformational Leadership: Transformational leaders are those who changes and transforms individuals. Transformational leadership is the skill to make the followers accept a changed and make them recover from a given situation. Transformational leadership can increases the organizations productivity and can result in organizational success because in this leadership styles the leaders give values to it followers. Transformational leaders are enthusiastic and passionate for the work they and is also concerned for others in helping them to perform well. Transformational leadership highlights that leaders should consider individualized needs and should support the individuals. The transformational leaders create vision and inspire the individuals to achieve the vision. The transformational leaders engage there followers in a way so that they get committed and the follower also become a leader in future. In case of Shell Company the employees are really discouraged because of their association with the company which has harmed the environment. The CEO can use transformational leadership and can energize the employees by making them participate in cleaning of the oil spills in one way or other. The CEO should require the employees to check all the machines and equipment’s that is used in manufacturing of oil so they company finds the discrepancies and divergence related to the machines. This will enhance employee morale and will energize them to work for the community’s bitterness. The CEO should also consult with the community heads which are affected by oil spillage and should assure them that their compensation will be paid the Shell Company. Chapter Four 4. 1 Conclusions and Recommendations: According to (Ezigbo, O. Bassey, O., 2010) the Shell Company is not only considered responsible for by the local community, the Nigerian Government, the environmental association for this environmental tragedy happened due to oil spill but also Shell Company was blamed for environmental devastation that has happened over the 50 years by Nigerian Government. The Shell Company reaction to this situation will have a crucial impact over shaping its business reputation in Nigeria for long-term. Taking this into consideration Shell Company is going through a serious problem which will not only have impact on Shell Company but also to the entire nation of Nigeria. In order to solve this issue Shell Company should work closely with the Nigerian government and the local community to find a common path. Shell Company should carefully use the leadership skills and strategies while dealing with the Nigerian Government and local community. Considering the stakeholder’s needs and distress, the CEO should manage to agree to the deal with the situation which is to accept its social responsibility and should deliver the compensation payment to the affected community and Nigerian Government as well the Shell Company should clean the environment in order to quite the media and NGO protest regarding Shell Company. It is true that committing the compensation payment to the affected peoples and fulfilling the social responsibility of cleaning the oil spill will be costly to Shell Company upfront but this action will benefit the company in long-term and will establish a good image of the company among the society they operate and also in global market. It is true that the oil spillage has happened by Shell Company but the oil spillage was not done intentionally. It is clear to everyone around the globe that Shell Company has either contracted or they by themselves have performed many of the humanitarian projects in order to enhance the social developments in the community. Shell Company has donated large amount of money to many communities for the betterment of that communities. The situation in Nigeria is very delicate and in order to resolve this delicate situation the CEO should use certain powers such as expert power, reward power and referent power.

Global Warming Exaggerated Essay Example

Global Warming Exaggerated Essay Example Global Warming Exaggerated Paper Global Warming Exaggerated Paper The problem is that what is obvious often isnt true. Concern over global warming is overblown and misdirected. More than 17,000 scientists have signed a petition circulated by the Oregon Institute of Science saying in part, there in no convincing scientific evidence that human release Of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earths atmosphere and disruption of the Earths climate. Satellite readings of temperatures in the lower troposphere show no warming since readings Egan 23 years ago. These readings are accurate within 0. 01 C, and are consistent with data from weather balloons. Only land-based temperature stations show a warming trend, and these stations do not cover the entire globe, and often contaminated by heat generated by nearly urban development, and are subject to human error (cited in American policy Roundtable, n. D. ). When it comes to government and industrial leaders, a certain number of these are not being honest to citizens about the amount of pollution the industries and countries create. According to Exact Weather, room an article called Hysteria, all the main players from politicians and scientists to big corporations and the United Nations benefit from instilling fear into billions of human beings over the unproven theory of man-made global warming, Indeed, just three weeks after the U. N. Ratcheted up international fears over global warming, a panel of 18 scientists from 1 1 countries has not reported to the U. N. That the only thing that can stop catastrophic climate change is a global tax on greenhouse gas emissions. : Global problems, real or conjured up, require global governmental solutions. Environmentalism is nothing less than the global elitists replacement ideology for communism/socialism. Elitists who desire to rule other peoples lives have gravitated an even more powerful ideology. More powerful because it seems to trump all other considerations, as it claims the very survival of life on earth is dependent on implementing its agenda. (cited in Exact Weather, n. D This is not the first time Americas major media has predicted an impending global climate crisis. It has happened four different time with each prediction warning that entire countries would be wiped out r that lower crop yields would mean the billions would die. In 1895, the panic was over an imminent ice age. Later, in the late 1 sass, when the earths surface warmed less than half a degree, the media jumped on a new threat ; global warming, which continued into the late sass. Then in 1975, the New York Times headlined that global cooling was inevitable. Then in 1 981, it was back to global warming, with the New York Times quoting seven government atmospheric scientists who predicted global warming of an almost unprecedented magnitude. (cited in Exact Weather, n. D. ). In an article written John Coleman, founder of the Weather Channel, he believes that not only is global warming the greatest scam in history, he believes some dastardly scientists with environmental and political motives manipulated long term scientific data to create an allusion of rapid global warming. Other scientists have also jumped into the circle to support and broaden the research to further enhance the totally slanted, bogus global warming claims. Mr.. Coleman also believes that any person who spends a decade at a university obtaining a PHD in Meteorology and become a research scientist, ore likely than not, becomes a part of that single minded culture. They all look askance like anyone, certain of their superiority. They respect government and disrespect business, particularly big business. They are environmentalists about all else. These scientists know that if they do research and results are in no way alarming their research will gather dust on the shelf and their research will languish. But if they do research that sounds alarms, they will become well know and respected and receive scholarly awards and, very importantly, more research dollars will come flooding their ay. These scientists had to strive to be accepted, invited to present and review papers and travel to international meetings of the committee. Otherwise they were a nobody in the field. When many researchers did climate change studies in the late asss they were eager to produce findings that would be important and be widely noticed and trigger more research funding. It was easy for them to manipulate the data to come up with results they wanted to make headlines and at the same time drive their environmental agendas. Then their like-minded Ph. D colleagues reviews their ark and hastened to endorse it without question (Coleman, n. D. ). Everyone has heard already that global warming is an international problem. Some say worldwide organizations are needed to address the worldwide issue to make sure all nations adhere to standardized pollution regulations. Some countries and the regions that compromise them have there own rules and regulations set to determine the daily life of how much electricity, coal, nuclear power, and other resources can be used, as well as how cars can be made, how buildings and bridges can be built as to not effect environmental damage. All of this comes at an extra cost to society and put more debt to these countries that implement the regulations. According to the article Destroying America to Save the World the Kyoto Treaty is a international treaty designed to cut emissions that already contribute to global warming. The heart Of the global warming dispute remains quite important. Scientists have been debating the reality of climate change and its potential impact for years. Despite extensive scientific opposition, worldwide environmental groups pushed for action that led to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change. The pact required reductions in emissions below 1990 levels for developed nations. When a BBC News report mentioned the estimated cost of the Kyoto Treaty if the United States implemented it, the result would be a damaging US economy with job losses and a increase in the price of energy by $2,000 per family. When the Fox News channel addressed the issue short, but to the point, it explained the reason for the U. S. Opposition was that the treaty would not force reductions by the developing nations including major polluters such as China, UT it would have cut emissions by about 30 percent beginning in 2008. Fox also mentioned that the supporters of the treaty believed the cost to American families was about $1 DO a year, while critics claimed it would have doubled the price of energy, costing families $2,700 a year. (Gainer, n. D. ) But this is not just the only example of regions, states, countries, or international communities imposing treaties or regulations that are costly. Arguments against Global Warming also mentions efforts by state governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are even more expensive and threaten to just state budgets. After raising their spending with reckless abandon during the sass, states now face a cumulative projected deficit of more than $90 billion. Incredibly, most states nevertheless, persist in backing unnecessary and expensive greenhouse gas reduction programs. New Jersey, for example, collected $358 millions a year in utility taxes to fund greenhouse gas reduction programs. Such programs will have no impact on global greenhouse gas emissions. All they do is destroy jobs and waste money (cited in American policy Roundtable, n. D. ). There are many developing nations that re beginning to feel the positive impact of economic growth and development. Some of those developing nations have shown high amounts of pollution that is clogging up these countries cities especially in China and India. The Kyoto protocol will not solve the problem because it costs are too much and there is skepticism about it among the international community. The best way to prevent developing countries from have revolutionary and economic uprisings is not through international public policies. In article called International Clean Energy Initiative from the Office of Science and Technology Policy, using Advanced, low-polluting energy technologies, developed and manufactured in the United States. It is an initiative built on a set of recommendations by the Presidents Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology and is directed at leveling the playing field between cleaner U. S. Energy technologies and services and polluting alternatives. While this technology carries higher up-front costs, and can be risky to decision-makers in developing countries, the real benefits of the initiative will help lay the technical and policy foundation that will allow developing and transition Mounties to build a clean energy future, leapfrogging past the polluting energy technologies used by the industrial countries. (cited in Office of Science and Technology Policy article, 2001, pig. ) The best option for world enforcement of pollution control, economic growth, and political stability is no regrets. Arguments against Global Warming mentions that while the alternative demands for immediate action to stop global warming, the best option is to do nothing. The best option is to invest in atmospheric research now and in reducing emissions sometimes in the future if the science comes more compelling. Right now, investments should be made to reduce emissions only when such inv estments make economic sense in their own right.

Maquiladoras in Mexico

Maquiladoras in Mexico Definition and Background The recent controversy over U.S. immigration policies regarding Hispanic people has caused us to overlook some very real economic realities regarding the benefits of Mexican labor to the U.S economy. Among those benefits is the use of Mexican factoriescalled maquiladorasto manufacture goods that will either be sold directly in the United States or exported to other foreign nations by American corporations. Although owned by Mexican companies, these factories often use materials and parts imported with few or no taxes and tariffs, under the agreement that the United States, or foreign countries, will control the exports of the products produced.   Maquiladoras originated in Mexico in the 1960s along the U.S. border. In the early to mid-1990s, there were approximately 2,000 maquiladoras with 500,000 workers. The number of maquiladoras skyrocketed after the passing of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, and it is not yet clear how proposed changes to NAFTA, or its dissolution, might affect the use of Mexican manufacturing plants by U.S. corporations in the future. What is clear is that currently, the practice is still of great benefit to both nationshelping Mexico reduce its unemployment rate and allowing U.S. corporations to take advantage of inexpensive labor. A political movement to bring manufacturing jobs back to the U.S. may, however, change the nature of this mutually beneficial relationship. At one time, the maquiladora program was Mexicos second largest source of export income, second only to oil, but since 2000 the availability of even cheaper labor in China and Central American nations has caused the number of Maquiladora plants to steadily dwindle. In the five years following the passing of NAFTA, more than 1400 new maquiladora plants opened in Mexico; between 2000 and 2002, more than 500 of those plants closed.   Maquiladoras, then and now, primarily produce electronic equipment, clothing, plastics, furniture, appliances, and auto parts, and even today ninety percent of the goods produced at maquiladoras are shipped north to the United States. Working Conditions in Maquiladoras Today As of this writing, more than one million Mexicans working in over 3,000 maquiladora manufacturing or export assembly plants in northern Mexico, producing parts and products for the United States and other nations. Mexican labor is inexpensive and because of NAFTA, taxes and customs fees are almost nonexistent. The benefit for the profitability of foreign-owned businesses is clear, and most of these plants are found within a short drive of the U.S.-Mexico border. Maquiladoras are owned by U.S., Japanese, and European countries, and some could be considered sweatshops composed of young women working for as little as 50 cents an hour, for up to ten hours a day, six days a week. However, in recent years, NAFTA has started to drive changes in this structure. Some maquiladoras are improving the conditions for their workers, along with increasing their wages. Some skilled workers in garment maquiladoras are paid as much as $1 to $2 an hour and work in modern, air-conditioned facilities. Unfortunately, the cost of living in border towns is often 30% higher than in southern Mexico and many of the maquiladora women (many of whom are single) are forced to live in shantytowns surrounding the factory towns, in residences that lack electricity and water. Maquiladoras are quite prevalent in Mexican cities such as Tijuana, Ciudad Juarez and Matamoros that lie directly across the border from the interstate highway-connected U.S. cities of San Diego (California), El Paso (Texas), and Brownsville (Texas), respectively. While some of the companies that have agreements with the maquiladoras have been increasing their workers standards, most employees work without even knowing that competitive unionization is possible (a single official government union is the only one allowed). Some laborers work up to 75 hours a week. And some maquiladoras are responsible for significant industrial pollution and environmental damage to the northern Mexico region and the southern U.S.   The use of maquiladora manufacturing plants, then, is a decided benefit to foreign-owned corporations, but a mixed blessing to the people of Mexico. They offer job opportunities to many people in an environment where unemployment is an ongoing problem, but under working conditions that would be considered substandard and inhumane by much of the rest of the world. NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement, has caused slow improvement in conditions for laborers, but changes to NAFTA may well spell a reduction in opportunities for Mexican workers in the future.

Managing IT-Enabled Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing IT-Enabled Change - Essay Example Again, no information directly relevant to practicing or leading to IT-enabled changes can be found in Kotter’s Model. It is guided in another previous research that organizational dynamics of IT-enabled changes must be understood by managers so that the challenging task of implementing advanced IT-enabled changes could be kept from failing (Manzoni and Angehrn, 1998, p. 110). As quoted by Iveroth (2010, p. 136), earlier research focuses more on strategic guidelines and research by Manzoni and Angehrn (1998) also does not address detailed elements of practice much. Still, it is not like previous research on IT-enabled change management could be called nonexistent as it actually recognizes that record for IT implementation has not remained very good. An example of this includes research by Benjamin and Levinson (1993) according to whom, â€Å"technology, business process, an organization must be adapted to each other for such change to be effective†. The researchers have retrieved the information from a total of 12 managers. The rationale behind interviewing only 12 managers is not clear. A better approach would have been to supplement the total number of interviewees with some reference from a research paper that justifies this number to represent the organization of Ericsson as a whole. Although the researchers have made a good effort in drawing information from a three-year case study of Ericsson, yet it is a relatively unusual case in that the evidence is quite specific to the case. It is hard to generalize the findings elsewhere given the technological expertise of Ericsson. Ericsson has been providing telecommunications equipment to the network operators all over the world for a long time, so their interaction with IT is probably much more than an average organization considering their nature of work.